the business model of Apples itunes

the business model of Apples itunes Evaluate the business model of Apples itunes. In particular you should address:- 1. To what extent can the itunes business model be described as an ecosystem and what is the role of IT in enabling the collaboration between Apple, its economic partners and consumers? 2. How does itunes compare with competitors? 3. What new technologies could disrupt the current market by enabling a new form of business model? Introduction Business model in a basic sense deals with the method of doing business in order to generate revenues by which a company sustains itself in the competitive market place ( (Rappa, 2009).According to (Amberg Manuela) analysis on music industries, there are lots of media websites and companies following different business models fallen prey to file sharing tools and peer-peer networks which allow consumers to illegally copy and share the content for free. As a consequence , companies like Apple iTunes and Sony Connect have come up with internet based business models based on pay-per-download and dependent on the technology of the supplier for whom long-term customer relations are very crucial and customers are allowed to use the digital media content particularly with regard to technology of the supplier thus getting advantage and benefitting from selling hardware components because the offer of digital media content advances it. These business models replace the traditional business m odels which are generally based on selling physical media.This paper shows the fair understanding of Apple iTunes business model for its dominance over the current music market and tries to describe the business model with respect to ecosystem and compares iTunes with its key competitors in the market. The biological term ecosystem in this paper refers to the IT ecosystem. (Iansiti Richards, 2005) describes IT ecosystem as network of organizations that drives the creation, innovation and delivery of Information Technology products and services. According to (Cusumano, 2008) the term ‘Platform, is defined as â€Å" Foundation product or key technology in a system like the PC or a web enabled cell phone and should have relatively open technical interfaces and easily licensing terms in order to encourage other firms to contribute complementary product and services. So this can be accounted to an ecosystem around the platform and the platform becomes more valuable when the exter nal entities creative more innovations around it. This should cause more users to adopt the platform and more complementors to join the network. iTunes as an ecosystem Online music hit a new milestone after Apple computer,Inc.(Apple) launched the iTunes application in January 2001 follwed by launch of 1st generation iPod and 2 years later online music store in April of 2003.The two businesses, the production of MP3 players and the online music shops were initially considered as different units and after the invention of new hardware iPod these two businesses were merged. iTunes is a software designed with an intuitive and user friendly interface and iPod is an hardware designed with an eye on fashion. These two together helped Apple to enter and succeed in the music player market infact actually cross promoting the iPod hardware device. Because of their service and innovation Apple retained to grow in the online music field in a better way when compared to its key competitors like Dell, Sony and Samsung( (Li Chang). According to (Schonfeld, 2009) statistics, iTunes have now sold 6 billion songs and 10 million different tracks are now available on iTunes. iTunes is software and iPod is hardware as said by (Li Chang) are two different business units and Apple conjucts these two different products into one new business model. Using ecology to analyze this model(iPod and iTunes) it has set a nice example for ecotone between two species to drive the music industry into new ecosystem. A strong platform is apparent from the combination of both the software and the hardware. The below shows the evolution of new ecosystem with combination of two stand-alone ecosystems. ‘Most companies today inhabit ecosystemsloose networks of suppliers, distributors, and outsourcers; makers of related products or services; providers of relevant technology; and other organizations that affect, and are affected by, the creation and delivery of a companys own offering†¦.. as said by (Iansiti Levien, 2004) shows how business industry can be closely compared to biological ecosystem. Like every individual in the biological ecosystem every organization in the business ecosystem shares the fate of the network as a whole regardless of that members apparent strengths. Comparing this with the Apple business, iPod is not really an innovative technology by itself but the company creates a new ecotone for digital music where all the hardware(iPods) and software(iTunes) are related to it enhances its platform. According to (Koster, 2007) There is a continuous decline in the traditional sale of music sources like retail music stores and the on-going music industries ar e restructuring themselves by merging with other partners to face the loss of revenues and to adopt with the new business strategies and models in the music industry to compete with the counterparts. Even in the digital music world today, legitimate music downloading is continuously changing. Initial music sites have very strong limitations on access catalogs of music, on what could be done with the downloaded music, number of copies, time limits, where to copy. Though Apple iTunes works on this model, it is successful in negotiating a very large music catalog from the four labels from its music site. He says that one large advantage and success for Apple is because of its hardware device iPod where normally music is stored and playback. The revenues from iPods sales continue to grow after the introduction of iTunes. Though Apple had gotten permission from four majors to store their music on its website for consumers to download by promising the copyright protection authority DRM, i t is now planning to get away with DRM because they make the downloaded or recorded music very cumbersome for the consumer. This is evident from (Johnson, 2009) article on web which says By the end of the quarter all 10 million songs will be DRM free in iTunes and iTunes plus, said Phil Schiller, Apples senior vice president of worldwide product marketing. The blog witten by (Vitalari, 2009) clearly examines at the 21st century business model adopted by Apple to become successful in the market. He believes that business platforms are the root cause for cumulative business performance. Apples competitive business platforms is the main drive for innovations like community formation, mass collaboration, social networking, ecosystems, real time analytics, transparency etc. The iPhone App store was launched in July 2008 and today iTunes store is a total set of all forms of the digital media including music, games, software application, podcasts and video assets . As his explanation, the driving factors for Apple success and points out that the effective business platforms have few key ingredients:  · iPods, iphones are not just products instead they represent individual business platforms and they create an ecosystem surrounding the product which means they create a common understanding for business transactions, technical specifications, interface standards and requirements. With the iPhone this includes all of the sub-contracted manufacturers, but more importantly it includes iTunes, the app store and app developers.This results in creating a transparency which enables and facilitates hundreds of participants to collaborate asynchronously and independently.  · This leads directly to the second point, which is that the business platform then helps to generate untold business analytics for the platforms owner.This is because of the elements of the business platform are networked and generates valuable information about the product, ecosystem and participants. Apple used this analytics to fix, improve and enhance the product and finally delighting the customers.  · This in turn creates a community of practice surrounding the business platform, as the collaborators learn how to make better things. IT in enabling collaboration with partners and consumers As a cofounder of Apple, Steve Jobss vision was to create new and different products to consumers and his notion of â€Å"one person-one computer became visionary responsible for Apples reputation for innovation and mission became changing the world by bringing the computers to masses (Richard D Vohr, 1998).Apple came back with reinvention of personal computer with Macintosh in 1980 after igniting the computer industry revolution with inventing Apple II and it is commited to bring the best computing experience to all the fields starting from students, educators, professionals and consumers all around the globe with its innovative software hardware and internet offerings. This Apples mission statements indicates it focuses on innovation and personal computing experience( (Pearlson Saunders, 2009). Apple From 1987-1997 the company suffered due to some major internal problems which affected the strategic leadership and its operations but after Steve Jobss second turn as CEO, company fixed operational problems and regains its innovative leadership dramatically. Few changes like manufacturing outsourcing and improving inventory became straight forward matching Dell, the industry leader.It moved to open industry standards rather than proprietary hardware interfaces that it had maintained for 15 years and thus in a minor way Apples product strategy became more open( (West Mace, 2007).As per ( (Apple Computer, 2006) Apple derives its competitive advantage again by its innovation giving iPod as an example. Apple entered the market with iPod in 2001and by end of fourth quarter of fiscal year 2005, iPods sales gained 33% of the total revenues. The factors which are accountable to their success and uniqueness are its computers based on its own operating system, which enabled further area of innovation.Its Mac OS operating system focuses on more simplicity and seen as graphically sophisticated. (West Mace, 2007)Recent trends have seen increasing strategy convergence be tween Apple and Microsoft .For its video game business, similar to its rivals Sony and Nintendo Microsoft buys the processor but designs its own hardware and software without licensing them to others.Meanwhile ‘Zune, Microsofts music players try to compete successfully to attain equality with Apples iPod. This shows Apple pursued a vertically integrated strategy in its music business. Vertical strategy is single firms controlling the entire platform. Apple leveraging its Macintosh installed base to establish iTunes music store and building iPod business on top of that and now iPhone business shows its expansion into adjacent markets and this loyal installed base makes any company easier to branch into a related market and this becomes a lesson for the other companies and Apple aims at satisfying the costumer not just upgrading the costumers what they have today like the other companies do. When ATT decided to make offer to iTunes many other mobile industries criticized it for making too many concessions to Apple. Due to this offer ATT gets benefit from Apple in two ways , one is Apple increases the average monthly bills for the customers who switch from ATT to iPhone and the second one is it causes existing people to switch from existing carriers to ATT as its the exclusive carrier for iPhone( (The Apple iPhone:Successes and Challenges for the Mobile Industry, 2008). Digital Record Management systems are uses to encrypt the data does not allow illegal or non authorization download of music and currently there are two main formats used for protect downloading of music. One is fairplay and the other is WMA. Fairplay is Apples proprietary technology where it secure the data encrypted in AAC( Advanced Audi Coding) format. WMA is Microsofts Windows media audio video encoding platform. iPods can play only those stuff which are secured through fairplay format and Apple has refuse to lincense this fairplay to other retailers and so it is difficult for iPod users to download music from other retailers other than iTunes music store. But recently Realnetworks in US came up with a package which allows iPod users resident in US to play secures music from Realnetworkss music store Rhapsody. Apple got furious with this and accused Realnetworks of ‘Hacker tactics and Ethics and reported to investigating on that for violating the intellectual rights. If apple is capable of putting an end to such violations then the indispensability of fairplay could be established( (The iTunes music store: does competition law hold the key to closed shop?, 2004) According to insights into IDCs lifesciences by (Swenson Golden, 2005) Apple products are getting attracted by the life science researchers who actually migrated from linux and unix platforms because of the dual nature of Mac OS and its estimated historically that the life scientists have been twice or thrice more likely than the average computer user to Apples Mac platform as client computer thus representing attractive market for Apple. It has announced about its collaboration with airlines which includes Air France, Continental, Delta, United and KLM to integrate the in flight entertainment systems with iPod and taking the current entertainment provided in these airlines to a next level for better travel experience( (Apple_Partners_with_Airlines_for_iPod_Integration, 2006). Sets Apple as an interesting example for not being an open source model in its business strategies but is thought b of being a highly proprietary company from its earlier years. Now it has jumped into open sou rce and have started projects both inside and outside its corporate firewalls. Apples OS X was a open source because it was based on Darwin. Its developer website said that Apples open source projects let key developers to customize and enhance Apple software and through this open source models it allows Apple engineers to collaborate with open source community to come up with better and more reliable products (Goldman Gabriel, 2005). On September 2007, Apple and Starbucks announced their collaboration on Apple letting costumers at Starbucks wirelessly browsing, previewing, buying and downloading music from iTunes music stores at Starbucks on their iPods enhancing Starbucks retail coffee experience by helping customers with discovering new music instantly (Rothman, 2007). These examples shows how Apple is spreading the digital media revolution with its technologically profound products. Apple believes in fully integrated and completely digital learning environment which makes conte nts to move from from application to another and easy to collaborate and share ideas. Integration even reduces the burden of technology challenge. So Apples IT team rather than spending time and money on how to get things working feels it worthwhile to dedicate the same on providing capabilities, innovations and resources for its institution (Everything Apple means everything just works). iTunes and Competitors: The majors competitors for Apple are Google and Microsoft Corporation and other competitors include Dell, Hewlett-Packard, Fujitsu, Samsung Electronics, Sony and Toshiba. Apple is designing software and hardware systems that delivers a greater user experience. Google is giving away operating systems to companies that license windows mobile today. Microsoft needs to think about their business models to compete in such a race where it probably has to decide whether it wants to compete in devices or operating systems and doing both is again at a risk which requires business models that are outside its core competencies( (The Apple iPhone:Successes and Challenges for the Mobile Industry, 2008). There is a partial collision between Apple and RIM in smartphone business in which Apples device is a entertainment centric whereas RIMs product is a communication centric.Though each company is growing into each others space Apple is got the advantage because infrastructure establishment would be too large for RIM and beside that RIMs image is all wrong for that instead it is much better to defend and grow its market by adding more features and types of business communications to Blackberry. Comparing it with Nokia, Nokias challenges are more about challenges. They sell hundred of millions handsets every year at low costs. But without it, Nokia will be really hard pressed to match with the iPhones user experiences. Competitors such as Diamond multimedia, with its Rio brand portable media players were successful in the market until Apple displaced them and all the credits for such a domination goes to the business model of the company by offerings users a seamless music experience by combining its iPod devices with iTunes and online iTunes store. Users were taken away by its value proposition and Apple had to negotiate deals with the major record companies to establish the worlds largest online music library, there giving the twist for the company to earn most of its revenue s by selling iPods while using the integration with the on online music store to protect itself from the competitors( (Osterwalder Yves, 2009).Smartphone users are going to increase in number in the next few years increasing in the PC functionalities supporting data services and voice and this is going to drive smartphone markets and Apple launching the iPhone which meets most of the required functionalities made it to third position in the global smartphone market in the third quarter of 2008. As there is rapid change in the technology there is introduction of new products with competitive prices, features and performance characteristics by all the competitors and out of all, mobile communication industry highly competitive with well funded and experienced competitors. For example in 2009, Nokia launched a new online media store in competition to Apple and this has resulted in price erosion which is now threatening to lessen the market share of the company( (DATAMONITOR, 2009). What new technologies could disrupt the current market by enabling a new form of business model. Apple has become the leader in the music world revolution and it justifies for its closed source system, keeping its digital music platform proprietary making it incompatible by other system by saying that it was the main reason in convincing its music labels and artists allowing them to sell their songs through iTunes assuring that those would not be pirated. But many analysts claim that that closed system was the reason for its previous failure in the computer business and Microsoft gained the masses with their open systems and now that is being seen as a gamble in this highly cometetive technology world (Williard, 2005). According to survey done by Rubicon Consulting Inc on the Apple iPhone users shows that about 43 percent of the iPhone users feels that the device would be more elegant if there is a physical change to the iPhone by adding adding a keyboard or a keypad either by making the device smaller or larger and about 40 percent of the users complain about the browser proble ms and the notably with those using Adobe flash and this shows that mobile data devices has always been segmented and its impossible for any single hardware design to please everyone. This could be an opportunity to Apple to increase its share by serving those customers by giving more importance to value propositions for their products which is again a part of business model and at the same time its an opportunity for its competitors to steal that share by addressing segments Apple failed in( (The Apple iPhone:Successes and Challenges for the Mobile Industry, 2008). Apple corporation itself has many problems but loss of competitive differentiation due to its Enterprise sytem is not counted in that because of its strong brand and its distinct operating system. For many of the other computer manufacturers cost and service are more vital for their differentiation than their products but for Apple this seems to be a unusual case says (Davenport, 1998). ‘Disruptive Business Models are emblematic of our generation. Yet they remain poorly understood, even as they transform competitive landscapes across industries (Osterwalder Yves, 2009). Conclusion: According to Sankar Dhinu, Apples senior manager of Emerging Technology, to be competitive in worlds high tech industry, one should make use of the facilities like available economic advantage of the manufacturing and distribution and Apple success goes with its interaction with dozens of trading partners , starting from resellers to distributors and OEM manufacturers which in turn helped it to form a global supply chain. Due to increased competition Apple is also facing many pressures and already working towards less limitation and freer access of digital music. Thus majors themselves are getting involved in those changes and Apples CEO Steve Jobs has called for an end to DRM because they make use of downloaded and recorded music very inconvenient and cumbersome for the consumer.( (Koster, 2007) Biblography: Amberg, M., Manuela, S. ANALYSIS OF E-BUSINESS MODELS FOR DIGITAL MEDIA . (2006). Apple Computer. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Apple_Partners_with_Airlines_for_iPod_Integration. (2006, November 14). Retrieved December 1, 2009, from www.digg.com: http://digg.com/apple/Apple_Partners_with_Airlines_for_iPod_Integration Cusumano, M. (2008). Technology Strategy and Management, The Puzzle of Apple. DATAMONITOR. (2009). Apple Inc. Company Profile. Davenport, T. H. (1998). Putting the Enterprise into the Enterprise System. Harvard Business Review OnPoint . Everything Apple means everything just works. (n.d.). Retrieved december 1, 2009, from www.images.apple.com: http://images.apple.com/education/leaders-administrators/the-apple-ecosystem.html Goldman, R., Gabriel, R. P. (2005). INNOVATION HAPPENS EVERYWHERE. In R. Goldman, R. P. Gabriel, Open source as business strategy (pp. 3-5). San Francisco: Morgan kaufmann. Iansiti, M., Levien, R. (2004). Strategy as Ecolgy. Harvard Business review. Iansiti, M., Richards, G. L. (2005). Information Technology Ecosystem Health and Performance. Johnson, B. (2009, January 6). Apple drops DRM copy protection from millions of iTunes songs. Retrieved from www.gaurdian.co.uk: http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2009/jan/06/apple-drops-itunes-copy-protection Koster, A. (2007). Music Industry: Toward A New Business Model? Journal of Business and Economic Research . Li, Y.-R., Chang, Y. Is the success of iPod Purely Accidental or Inevitable A Business Ecolgy Perspective. Osterwalder, A., Yves, P. (2009). Business Model Generation. Self Published. Pearlson, k. E., Saunders, C. S. (2009). Strategic management of Information Systems. In k. E. Pearlson, C. S. Saunders, Strategic management of Information Systems (p. 25). John Wiley and sons. Rappa, M. (2009). BUSINESS MODELS ON THE WEB. MANAGNG THE DIGITAL ENTERPRISE . Richard D, F., Vohr, J. (1998). APPLE COMPUTER, INC. Rothman, W. (2007, september 5). Apple partners with Starbucks for free WiFi Access to iTunes Music Store. Retrieved december 1, 2009, from www.gizmodo.com: http://gizmodo.com/296696/apple-partners-with-starbucks-for-free-wi+fi-access-to-itunes-music-store Schonfeld, E. (2009, January 6). iTunes sells 6 billions songs , and other fun stats from the Philnote. Retrieved from www.techcrunch.com: http://www.techcrunch.com/2009/01/06/itunes-sells-6-billion-songs-and-other-fun-stats-from-the-philnote/ Swenson, M., Golden, J. B. (2005). Apple and Life science research : Enabling Technologies. Life Science Insights, an IDC company. (2008). The Apple iPhone:Successes and Challenges for the Mobile Industry. (2004). The iTunes music store: does competition law hold the key to closed shop? Vitalari, N. (2009, August 10). Apple and the Rise of Competitive Business Platforms What Other Companies Must Know. Retrieved from www.wikinomics.com: http://www.wikinomics.com/blog/index.php/2009/08/10/apple-and-the-rise-of-competitive-business-platforms-what-other-companies-must-know/ West, J., Mace, M. (2007). ENTERING A MATURE INDUSTRY THROUGH INNOVATION: APPLES IPHONE STRATEGY. Williard, C. (2005). Apple worms its way into the music industry.

Banquo - a Spiritual Force in Shakespeares Macbeth :: Macbeth essays

Banquo - a Spiritual Force in Macbeth      Ã‚  Ã‚   Who cannot learn from Shakespeare's Macbeth this moral lesson: That crime does not pay? And who can deny that the playwright created a spiritual force in the play in the person of Banquo? This essay is his story.    Lily B. Campbell in her volume of criticism, Shakespeare's Tragic Heroes: Slaves of Passion, discusses how fear enters the life of Banquo with the murder of Duncan and his two attendants:    And as Lady Macbeth is helped from the room, we see fear working in the others. Banquo admits that fears and scruples shake them all, even while he proclaims his enmity to treason. But Banquo fears rightly the anger or hatred of the Macbeth who has power to do him harm. (222)    In Shakespeare and Tragedy John Bayley discusses Banquo shortly before his murder:    [. . .] like Banquo, who, in the tense hour before the murder, expresses in more forceful form the idea of evil speculation and possibility as ranging in the mind:    Merciful powers, Restrain in me the cursed thoughts that nature Gives way to in repose. II.i.7-9    At such a moment the activities of the mind become almost palpable and express themselves in bodily form, as they do in the other two mind tragedies. In the speech which he imagines the thoughts that may come to him when he goes to rest, Banquo hands his sword to his son Fleance, and then - with a dream-like precision - hands over his belt with its dagger too:    Hold, take my sword. There's husbandry in heaven; Their candles are all out. Take thee that too. (188-89)    Clark and Wright in their Introduction to The Complete Works of William Shakespeare comment that Banquo is a force of good in the play, set in opposition to Macbeth:    Banquo, the loyal soldier, praying for restraint against evil thoughts which enter his mind as they had entered Macbeth's, but which work no evil there, is set over against Macbeth, as virtue is set over against disloyalty.   (792)    In Fools of Time: Studies in Shakespearean Tragedy, Northrop Frye explains the rationale behind Banquo's ghost in this play:    Except for the episode of Hercules leaving Antony, where mysterious music is heard again, there is nothing really supernatural in Shakespeare's tragedies that is not connected with the murder of the order-figures.

Sports Comparing Them to Now and in the Early 1920’s

Hi my name is Gilbert I was born on September 7th, 1901 and play baseball for the Yankees. I have now been playing on the Yankees for 7 years, since 1921. Baseball for America is our most popular sport and everybody watches it. It is what everybody does and follows their players and team. We players are very skilled and this all comes to us naturally through hard work and effort. We don’t play this game for money and fame; we do it because we love it and put so much passion into it.Hi my name is Peyton Manning I play quarterback for the Denver Broncos. I chose to play here because I got offered to pay the most here. I also decided to play here because the division is going to be easy and I figured it would be easy to win. Football is a great game because it is the sport now that everybody loves in Americas, people love going to games and following their teams and doing stuff like fantasy football. Football takes a lot of skill effort but now days it is driven by money and fame .The similarities in the two stories is that both sports take a lot of effort and skill, the two sports were Americas most popular sport at the time, and lastly both were players that played on the teams. The differences is that the most popular sport used to be baseball now it is football, the players don’t just do it cause they love it, they do it for money and fame. Also some more differences is back in the day players did it naturally and now a lot of times today they use steroids.

What Is a Bond

A bond is a fixed interest financial asset issued by governments, companies, banks, public utilities and other large entities. When a party buys a bond, it is basically lending funds to the issuer of the bond.   Bonds pay the bearer a fixed periodic amount (called a coupon payment) and has a specified end date (known as the maturity date). For this reason, bonds are sometimes referred to as fixed-income securities.   A discount bond  (also known as a zero-coupon bond) pays the bearer only at the ending date, while a coupon bond pays the bearer a fixed amount over a specified interval (month, year, etc.) as well as paying a fixed amount at the end date. A bond issued by a company is different from a share of stock in a company fr two reasons.   First, owning a bond does not confer an ownership share in the underlying company.   Second, payments are explicitly defined as opposed to taking the form of dividends issued at the discretion of company management. Terms related to Bonds: Bond RatingsDiscount BondCoupon Bonds About.Com Resources on Bonds: Economics - The Dividend Tax Cut and BondsStocks - Bonds Ahead of StocksFinancial Planning - Are Savings Bonds Good Investments?Investing for Beginners - Junk Bonds - A Quick LessonInvesting for Beginners - What are bonds? Writing a Term Paper? Here are a few starting points for research on Bonds: Books on Bonds: Bond market rules : 50 investing axioms to master bonds for income or trading - Michael D Sheimo, McGraw-Hill, 2000.Savings bonds : when to hold, when to fold and everything in-between - Daniel J Pederson, Sage Creek Press, 1999. (4th edition)The small investor : a beginners guide to stocks, bonds and mutual funds - Jim Gard, Ten Speed Press, 1996.Junk bonds : how high yield securities restructured corporate America - Glenn Yago, Oxford University Press, 1991.Municipal bonds : the comprehensive review of tax-exempt securities and public finance - Robert Lamb; Stephen P Rappaport, McGraw-Hill, 1980. Journal Articles on Bonds: Economic news and bond prices: Evidence from the US Treasury marketDynamic investment models and the firms financial policyAre Government Bonds Net Wealth?

Epic of Beowulf Essay - 1033 Words

The epic poem, Beowulf, is one of the oldest European epics in existence. When Beowulf was written, the writer incorporated many of the ideals of the Anglo-Saxons. Some of these ideals included loyalty, bravery, selflessness, and justice and were demonstrated in the hero. Both the characters Beowulf and Grendel represent aspects of both good and evil, Christianity and Paganism, and what occurs when they collide with one another. A characteristic of an epic poem is the concern over struggles that humans face, which is presented in a serious manner. The hero often embodies the religious, national, and cultural values of his homeland and abroad. The premise of the story is quite simple: the Danes were in distress because of the great monster†¦show more content†¦Each of these examples helps define Beowulf as an epic poem. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;An Anglo-Saxon hero must embody certain characteristics and ideals in order to be truly considered a hero. Beowulf is depicted as being very brave. â€Å"I’ve never known fear†, â€Å"Then Beowulf stood, still brave, still strong† and, â€Å"†¦everything hidden in that tower, will be mine or war will sweep me to a bitter death!† display Beowulf†s strong bravery and his desire to prevail. Even until the very end, Beowulf fights without fear, seeming to always know that he will be the victor. Another quality Beowulf shows is his loyalty to his king and to his people. He speaks, â€Å"†¦I sold my life for this treasure, and I sold it well. Take what I leave†¦lead my people, help them,† to Wiglaf as his last dying few words. As mentioned before, Beowulf wishes to have his possessions and gold to his Higlac so that â€Å"†¦may he see in their golden brightness†¦that here in Denmark I found a noble protector.† He also minds that Higlac â€Å"†¦might think less of me if I let my sword go where my feet were afraid to,† and does his best to represent his land and people with all his strength and courage. Beowulf can be perceived as an example of Anglo-Saxon heroism even until the final battle in which his life finally leaves him. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Finally, the hero story that is associated in Beowulf runs hand in hand with the illustrated project that accompaniesShow MoreRelatedBeowulf : The Epic Of Beowulf1027 Words   |  5 Pages To begin, Beowulf the poem has a unknown author, Beowulf is an epic poem. In Beowulf he is challenged by the murderous monster Grendel, Grendel is eating and slaughtering Hrothgar the King of the Danes men and people, the king needs Beowulf s help in defeating Grendel, Beowulf ends up killing the monster and is now tormented by the monster s mother that is much larger, she is no match for Beowulf and he kills her as well, lastly it is Beowulf’s last battle after he has been king of Geatland forRead MoreThe Epic Of Beowulf By Beowulf2577 Words   |  11 Pagesoriginal aspects of these different religions. Due to the construction of this Beowulf, students and professors are able to study and get a true understanding of a pagans’ demeanor and how life evolves t hrough their eyes. Throughout the epic poem Beowulf, paganism is exemplified as this epic hero falls victim to fate while embarking on his journey through life fighting monsters and chasing after his fame. To begin with, Beowulf was composed in Old English by an anonymous writer between the sixth and seventhRead MoreThe Epic of Beowulf733 Words   |  3 PagesBeowulf is the oldest anglo-saxon poem written in English. The poem describes the heroic deeds of Beowulf in his fight against monsters. Even if the events narrated in the poem take place in Denmark, the poem was transmitted by oral language between the anglo-saxon even 200 years after its creation. Anglo-saxons did not consider themselves british, but vikings, and their heroes were always from Scandinavia. The author of Beowulf is anonymous. The original poem was written on sheep tanned leatherRead MoreBeowulf as Epic823 Words   |  4 PagesWhat makes an epic? Is Beowulf an epic? ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · What is an epic poem, and how does it differ from other kinds of poetry or storytelling? How have epic poems traditionally been transmitted from generation to generation? How do tellers remember these long and complicated stories? According to Robert Harris’s Glossary of Literary Terms, he defines an epic as the following: Epic. An extended narrative poem recounting actions, travels, adventures, and heroic episodes and written in a high style (withRead More Epic of Beowulf Essay - Beowulf as Epic Hero844 Words   |  4 PagesBeowulf as Epic Hero Epic heroes usually exemplify the character traits most admired in their societies, and Beowulf is no exception.   Beowulf is set in the Anglo-Saxon society, a time when war was rampant among the many peoples trying to take over the different kingdoms of England.   In this dangerous, violent time people lived in constant peril and jeopardy.   These conditions only allowed people of great bravery to survive and men of outstanding courage were admired the populous.   TheseRead MoreThe Epic Of Beowulf As An Epic Hero1519 Words   |  7 Pageswhisked away following a journey, you have most likely read an epic. An epic by definition is â€Å"a long poem, typically one derived from ancient oral tradition, narrating the deeds and adventures of heroic or legendary figures or the history of a nation†. Every epic has a main character that undergoes the same archetypal journey as all other heroes, an epic hero. There are specific qualities one must have to be considered an epic hero. Each epic hero possesses superhuman strength, displays a strong senseRead MoreComparing Beowulf And The Epic Of Beowulf937 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Roman Empire. In the story Beowulf, his actions portray him, indeed be an epic hero. Both Christianity and Paganism are both portrayed throughout the epic Beowulf. Beowulf frequently speaks of God throughout the story, while there are also many Pagan elements that are evident throughout the story as well. In addition, It s hard to ignore the Christian and Pagan elements in Beowulf. These types of elements are what define the heroic warrior in the epic Beowulf(Vengeance the Pagan and ChristianRead MoreThe Epic Of Beowulf As An Epic Hero711 Words   |  3 Pagesthan the writer. These â€Å"epic heros† are protagonists that fulfill their potential of greatness through using their bravery, strength and humility for good. The near ancient tale of Beowulf is a classic example of an epic story that contains an epic hero. In this tale Hrothgar, the king of the Danes, has been terrorized by a beast known as Grendel. This beast has been murdering the king’s people and no one has come close to stopping this killer. A Geat warrior named Beowulf hears of the King’s predicamentRead MoreThe Epic : An Analysis Of The Epic Of Beowulf701 Words   |  3 PagesBeowulf is one of the longest surviving Anglo-Saxon poem. The epic takes place in the sixth century in what is now Denmark and Sweden. The poem opens with Hrothgar, whose successful rule is signified by a glorious mead-hall called Heorot. For 12 years, a massive man-like ogre named Grendel, a descendant of Cain, has raided Heorot and killed the kings warriors. Beowulf, a young warrior from Geatland (Sweden), comes to Hrothgar’s aid, bringing 14 of his best men with him. At a feast before the endRead MoreBeowulf : An Epic Hero930 Words   |  4 Pages The story of Beowulf shows its reader many characteristics of why this Anglo-Saxon poem is an epic. First of all, Beowulf is a warrior of epic renown by the time he formally introduces himself in the poem. Next, Beowulf is the warrior that many strive to be in life. In addition, Beowulf finds himself tackling many quests that involve dangerous beasts, or as he might call them, demons. The next quality shown by Beowulf is his bravery and honor. The reader is able to easily identify this characteristic

Henry David Thoreau and Martin Luther King, Jr.s...

Henry David Thoreau and Martin Luther King, Jr.s Justification of Defying Unjust Laws In his famous essay, â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail,’’ Martin Luther King, Jr. cites conscience as a guide to obeying just laws and defying unjust laws. In the same way, Henry David Thoreau wrote in his famous essay, â€Å"Civil Disobedience,† that people should do what their conscience tells them and not obey unjust laws. The positions of the two writers are very close; they use a common theme of conscience, and they use a similar rhetorical appeal of ethos. In â€Å"Civil Disobedience† Thoreau claims that men should act from their conscience. Thoreau believed it was the duty of a person to disobey the law if his conscience says that the law is unjust. He†¦show more content†¦He disagreed with other American people who believed the majority should change the law first because it is a worse thing to disobey the law than to do what an unjust law says to do. Thoreau wrote that breaking the unjust laws is better: â€Å"Break the law. Let your life be a counter friction to stop the machine† (Thoreau, P. 18). However, Thoreau did not think people should be criminals. He thinks a criminal is a person who disobeys the law but will not be responsible for that. If a person disobeys an unjust law, Thoreau thinks that the person must do that, so all people can see he is disobeying the law because it is unjust. Then the person must accept what happens to him for disobeying the law. Thoreau wrote that people must be willing to go to jail if they want to change a law by disobeying the law. Thoreau went to jail instead of paying for his taxes because he believed the government used the money for unjust things. This is how Henry Thoreau thinks people can change unjust laws. He thought that if people willingly would to go to jail and quit their jobs, then the revolution will take a place and reform will come. Thoreau was willing to go to jail to change unjust laws because of his conscience. King’s position on unjust laws was very close to Thoreau’s position on unjust laws. In his famous letter written when he was in jail, â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail,† King wrote to the ministers who did not like his protests to desegregate the city of

Addition Of A Preamble Recognising Peoplesâ€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Addition Of A Preamble Recognising Peoples? Answer: Introduction: The 1967 referendum was much more than merely counting the indigenous people in the census. Similarly, the constitutional changes that have been discussed at the Uluru were also much more than merely discussing the formal recognition of the aboriginal and the Torres Strait Islander people in the form of first Australians. The aboriginals claimed that this issue is related with their future, the future of their children, their history and all the things that they had to face. There were more than 250 delegates from the aboriginal communities who were trying to discuss what recognition means for them and how they can get the support of the people of Australia by adopting a referendum process. Auditing of a preamble recognising the first peoples: Broadly speaking, constitutional recognition can be described as a push to formally recognize the aboriginal people and the Torres Strait Islanders as the originals of the inhabitants of Australia. This can be done either in the form of preamble to the Constitution of Australia or by treaty or by some other instrument. Such efforts will be an attempt made in the direction of addressing the fact that as against most other comparable countries, Australia does not have a treaty nor a foundational agreement with the first people of the country that provides the way in which the relationship between the two parties needs to be conducted.[1] Amendment of s25, s51(xxvi) and possible insertion of new sections: The major points of discussion at the Uluru include the fact if there should be some form of recognition provided to the aboriginal and the Torres Strait Islanders as the first people of Australia; in a preamble to the Constitution or otherwise.[2] The other issues included the removal of the modification of section 51xxxvi and section 25 of the Constitution. The removal of the power granted to the States to exclude the particular race from taking part in the voting and the introduction of constitutional protection against any discrimination on the basis of race. These are the key elements of the model that was recommended in 2011 by the expert panel on constitutional recognition. In principle, the panel enjoyed bipartisan political support.[3] Another proposal that was also a part of these discussions was put forward by Noel Pearson, the Cape York leader, who suggested an official mechanism that would provide a voice to the aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in the parliament and concerning the legislation that have an impact on the indigenous people.[4] The aboriginal leaders believed that it is very significant that they have a say in the policies that have an impact on their people and their rights. Hence, having an indigenous voice in the parliament will provide a chance to an elected group of the aboriginal people to advise the parliament regarding the issues affecting the indigenous people. Such group will have significant authority and staying power if such a thing is mentioned in the Constitution. Similarly, it will also help in achieving better results for the indigenous people and at the same time help in maintaining a fairer relationship between the government and the aboriginal people. The suggestion appears to be quite popular. After the collapse of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island commission, a formal body is not present that can provide a political voice to the indigenous people. It is also worth mentioning that till now there is no formal agreement regarding the way, the recognition should look like, apart from the fact that it needs to be substandard and practical and not merely an exercise in symbolism.[5] Therefore, such recognition can be in the form of a treaty, but the voting that takes place to recognize the aboriginal people in the Constitution will not preclude the chances of a treaty or more likely, a number of treaties the difference state governments, from being taking place in future.[6] At the same time, the experts on constitutional law have also warned that in case some of the constitutional changes that are being proposed as a part of the recognition do not take place, it is possible that the treaties that have been concluded with the States governments may be considered invalid. The race power that is present in section 51xxvi was added in the Commonwealth Constitution after the 1967 referendum. This section gives the power to the Commonwealth to legislate for the people of any race, for whom it may be considered necessary to enact special legislation. This power allows the construction of laws in such a way as aboriginal heritage laws and native title, but at the same time, this power also allowed the federal government to enact discriminatory legislations as can be seen in the 50 years history of Australia. A significant example of the use of this power can be seen in the construction of controversial Hindmarsh Island Bridge. In somewhat mocking tones, this became to be called by the media in Australia as the "secret woman's business" case. The female Ngarrindjeri elders have raised objections to the construction of this bridge from Goolwa, on the mainland, South Australia to this island. The reason was that they claimed that the construction of this bridg e will disturb the secret woman's sight even if they refused to give the details of this site.[7] However, the Howard government introduced the Hindmarsh Island Bridge Act in 1997. This legislation overruled all the legal disputes in this regard and as a result, the construction could start. Under these circumstances, it was noted by experts of constitutional law that unless the confirmed capacity enjoyed by the federal government to interfere is curbed; there remains the power to potentially undermine the treaty options.[8] As a result of the diversity of aboriginal people and their experiences, it is likely that the treaties may be negotiated at the state level, as it has already started in Victoria or even a more local level. It has been claimed by the constitutional experts that unless there is modification in the race power, the federal government will continue to enjoy a license to interfere and there is long history of such incidents.[9] At the same time, the race power also serves as a reminder regarding the need for being waged in full whenever the relevant constitutional changes are being considered. The negative impact of such changes was foreseen before the referendum of 1967, however, there was a sense of goodwill that swept along the campaign and the details were left hanging. During the discussions that took place at Uluru, significant concern was expressed by the people that they should not repeat that same mistake and leave the aboriginal people vulnerable to unintentional negative consequences.[10] Hence there is one way to prevent such a situation and that is through the proposed constitutional protection against any type of racial discrimination.[11] Incorporation of Native Title in the CC: It needs to be mentioned that Australia remains the only Western liberal democracy where this guarantee is not already been given, neither in the form of a bill of rights nor by the Constitution. Such a situation would mean that the legislation is like the Northern Territory emergency intervention, which needed the suspension of Racial Discrimination Act, could not be implemented. This remains the major priority for a large number of delegates at Uluru. But unfortunately this is also the proposal that is most likely to remain the target of negative campaign that may take place in the wider Australian community.[12] It is not very likely that the persons who have campaigned in favor of weakening section 18C, Racial Discrimination Act are going to support a constitutional protection against such discrimination. However, when the issue is considered in the light of international context, the proposal appears to be "very modest, even conservative". It is going to be at a task to convince the people of Australia however such a proposal really amounts to nation-building. There is a core principle that has already been decided according to which the aboriginal and the people from Torres Strait Island are not going to do anything that is going to abrogate our sovereignty. Such a concept is difficult to consider, particularly from the legal perspective of Australia as there is an assumption under it, according to which sovereignty has been taken from the aboriginal and the Torres Strait Islanders by the settlement. The High Court had already confirmed this view in its decision given in Mabo case in 1992 however; the disagreement has not been settled by it.[13] The issue exists, if sovereignty was never ceded, the validity of the High Court, and as a result, the validity of the decisions given by it regarding sovereignty, can be called in question. However, it has been stated in this regard that the issue of indigenous sovereignty is hugely different from the subject of state sovereignty.[14] The position, which states that sovereignty was never ceded, is capable of being maintained by constitutional recognition or through treaty process or by both the parties asserting a different stand regarding the issue of sovereignty and then moving forward to the other issues. In this way, the concern related with the loss of sovereignty remains the most significant argument supporting the opposition of constitutional recognition. There is another significant source of opposition among the aboriginal community that is the concern regarding the process and the anger aimed at the Recognized Movement. Establishment and possible enshrinement in the CC of a First Peoples Voice advisory body to Parliament: It is presumed that the new legislated entity is going to replace the National Congress of Australia's First Peoples. The Congress claims that it is owned and controlled by its membership and it remains independent from the government. Together, it claims to be the leaders and advocates for recognizing the status and the rights of the aboriginal people as the First Nations people in Australia. It needs to be recommended by the Referendum Council that the government should start immediate consultations regarding the way how a video indigenous advisory Council can be set up as the First Nations voice.[15] It is also required to recommend that the parliament should make law regarding the creation of such advisory Council. Therefore any referendum should be recommended to be delayed until the advisory Council has been established, and it starts working well. Therefore, in such a case t he parliament may and only then consider making law for the referendum, which proposes relevant changes made to the Commonwealth Constitution. One such desirable change can be made to section 51 (26) of the Commonwealth Constitution. This section can be amended with a view to provide that the federal parliament will have the power to legislate regarding the cultures, heritage and languages of the aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders and also regarding the continuous relationship that there have with the traditional waters and lands. A treaty or Makarrata not involving amendment of the text of the CC: The indigenous leaders wanted the creation of two new legal entities. First of all, they were in favor of First Nations voice that needs to be enshrined in the Commonwealth Constitution. The second was Makarrata Commission to be set up by legislation. This Commission will have the responsibility to supervise the management making process between Commonwealth and various state governments and the First Nations. It will also be involved in telling the truth regarding history.[16] The envisaged destination remains a national Makarrata or treaty. Therefore the immediate constitutional issues related to the creation of First Nations voice. There is no point in having a referendum regarding the question that could not win the approval of the indigenous people of Australia. Similarly there is no point in moving ahead with a referendum if it cannot win the approval of the voting people. According to the consultations that h ave been conducted with the indigenous communities under the financial support and the auspices of referendum Council, a constant message has appeared that the aboriginals of Australia are in favor of substantive constitutional change and not only symbolic or minimalistic changes.[17] Therefore the question arises, how much we should try to put in the Constitution now and how much can be placed outside the Constitution or, could be delayed from being included in the Constitution on another day. Certainly, one thing is worse than having a minimal symbolic constitutional change along with substantial changes outside the Constitution. There is no mention of the Aboriginals and the Torres Strait Islanders in the Constitution, either because we compromised too much all we judged it too hard or due to reason that we were trying to achieve too much, very soon. Conclusion: As mentioned above, Australia is the only Commonwealth country that does not have a treaty with its First Peoples. A treaty will be a legally binding agreement that has taken place between the government and the aboriginal people. Such a treaty will contain clauses related with sovereignty, customary law, self-determination and land rights. Under ideal conditions, a treaty will also make sure that any laws that the government tries to enact supposedly for the aboriginal people will be implemented only after consultations with these people. A treaty is widely considered to be a way to foster, self-determination, empowerment and healing and it has a widespread support among the aboriginal and the Torres Strait Island people. References Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice Commissioner, The Perilous State of Indigenous Languages in Australia in Social Justice Report 2009 (Australian Human Rights Commission, 2009) 57 Anaya, S James, Indigenous Peoples in International Law (Oxford University Press, 2004) Attwood, Bain and Andrew Markus, The 1967 Referendum or When Aborigines Didnt Get the Vote (Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies, 1997) Behrendt, Larissa, Achieving Social Justice: Indigenous Rights and Australias Future (Federation Press, 2003) Behrendt, Larissa, Chris Cuneen and Terri Libesman, Indigenous Legal Relations in Australia (Oxford University Press, 2009) Blackshield, Tony and George Williams, Australian Constitutional Law and Theory: Commentary and Materials (Federation Press, 4th ed, 2006) Broome, Richard, Aboriginal Victorians: A History Since 1800 (Allen Unwin, 2005) Burger, Julian, The United Nations Draft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (199697) 9 St Thomas Law Review 209 Commonwealth, Closing the Gap: Prime Ministers Report (Department of Families, Housing Community Services and Indigenous Affairs, 2 Costar, Brian, Odious and Outmoded? Race and Section 25 of the Constitution in John Chesterman and David Philips (eds), Selective Democracy: Race, Gender and the Australian Vote (Melbourne Publishing Group, 2003) 89 Council of Australian Governments, National Partnership Agreement on Remote Service Delivery (2009) Davis, Megan and Zrinka Lemezina, Indigenous Australians and the Preamble: Towards a More Inclusive Constitution or Entrenching Marginalisation? (2010) 33(2) University of New South Wales Law Journal 239 Davis, Megan, A Narrative of Exclusion: Indigenous Rights in Australia (2007) 14(3) Human Rights Defender 16 Davis, Megan, Responses to Henry Reynolds (2006) 6 Macquarie Law Journal 13 Dillon, Michael C and Neil D Westbury, Beyond Humbug: Transforming Government Engagement with Indigenous Australia (Seaview Press, 2007) Dodson, Michael, Sovereignty (2002) 4 Balayi: Culture, Law and Colonisation 13 Dodson, Patrick, 1999 Vincent Lingiari Memorial Lecture, Until the Chains Are Broken (2000) 5(2) Australian Indigenous Law Reporter 73 Dodson, Patrick, The Wentworth Lecture 2000: Beyond the Mourning GateDealing with Unfinished Business (Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies, 12 May 2000) Dow, Coral, Aboriginal Tent Embassy: Icon or Eyesore? (2000) Social Policy Group [1] Costar, Brian, Odious and Outmoded? Race and Section 25 of the Constitution in John Chesterman and David Philips (eds), Selective Democracy: Race, Gender and the Australian Vote (Melbourne Publishing Group, 2003) 89 [2] Dodson, Patrick, 1999 Vincent Lingiari Memorial Lecture, Until the Chains Are Broken (2000) 5(2) Australian Indigenous Law Reporter 73 [3] Council of Australian Governments, National Partnership Agreement on Remote Service Delivery (2009) [4] Davis, Megan, Responses to Henry Reynolds (2006) 6 Macquarie Law Journal 13 [5] Dodson, Patrick, The Wentworth Lecture 2000: Beyond the Mourning GateDealing with Unfinished Business (Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies, 12 May 2000) [6] Davis, Megan, A Narrative of Exclusion: Indigenous Rights in Australia (2007) 14(3) Human Rights Defender 16 [7] Anaya, S James, Indigenous Peoples in International Law (Oxford University Press, 2004) [8] Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice Commissioner, The Perilous State of Indigenous Languages in Australia in Social Justice Report 2009 (Australian Human Rights Commission, 2009) 57 [9] Dillon, Michael C and Neil D Westbury, Beyond Humbug: Transforming Government Engagement with Indigenous Australia (Seaview Press, 2007) [10] Davis, Megan and Zrinka Lemezina, Indigenous Australians and the Preamble: Towards a More Inclusive Constitution or Entrenching Marginalisation? (2010) 33(2) University of New South Wales Law Journal 239 [11] Attwood, Bain and Andrew Markus, The 1967 Referendum or When Aborigines Didnt Get the Vote (Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies, 1997) [12] Dow, Coral, Aboriginal Tent Embassy: Icon or Eyesore? (2000) Social Policy Group 1 [13] Behrendt, Larissa, Achieving Social Justice: Indigenous Rights and Australias Future (Federation Press, 2003) [14] Dodson, Michael, Sovereignty (2002) 4 Balayi: Culture, Law and Colonisation 13 [15] Broome, Richard, Aboriginal Victorians: A History Since 1800 (Allen Unwin, 2005) [16] Behrendt, Larissa, Chris Cuneen and Terri Libesman, Indigenous Legal Relations in Australia (Oxford University Press, 2009) [17] Blackshield, Tony and George Williams, Australian Constitutional Law and Theory: Commentary and Materials (Federation Press, 4th ed, 2006)